What is Petroleum and origin of Petroleum?

 

Petroleum: we know that liquid fuels are used extensively these days in industrial and domestic areas. Today we will discuss about liquids fuel and we hear about Petroleum, which is a largest source of liquid fuel.
            The Petroleum means rock oil or it is also known as mineral oils. Crude oil and petroleum is a basic raw material for refining industries.it occurs in the earth crust mostly in sedimentary rocks in all possible state(gas, liquid and solid). It is dark colour viscous liquid colour varies from light brown to dark brown.petroleum is a mixture of various hydrocarbons mainly 'PONA'.

P  is paraffin, O is olefin, N is naphthenes, and A is aromatics. A small amount of other organic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur are also found in it. It contains Carbon 84-86%, Hydrogen 11-14%0.1-3.5% S, 0.1-0.9%O and 0.4 -0.9% N and smaller amount of metallic constituents are also available like vanadium, nickel, iron and Cooper. most of the hydrocarbons found in crude petroleum are straight chain paraffin and aromatics hydrocarbons, such as benzene,  toulene, naphthalenes etc. Olefins and acetylene are absent in crude oil however they are formed during the processing of Petroleum. The saturated hydrocarbons found in Petroleum range from CH4 to CH35H72. Natural gas contains lower hydrocarbons ranging from CH4 -C3H8 nad is used as cooking gas in homes. Saudi Arabia is a largest producer of Petroleum and then USA.India meets only a fraction of its Petroleum demand from its indigenous production. Therefore to meet its requirements india imports petroleum from Iraq,iran, saudi arabia, USSR etc.

Origin of Petroleum; Many scientists give own view and theory about formation of Petroleum we will study some about some theory,
    Mendeleeff and berthelot explain the formation of Petroleum based upon the inorganic reaction mainly on the activity of acetylene series. According to him some metallic carbides produce hydrocarbons when react with water such as,.
        CaC2.  +2H2O---------C2H2. +Ca(OH)2.
   Infact deposit of such magnitude could never balance with these ideas at every place.
       Engler gave opinion that the body fat of large marine or sea animals was slowly converted into hydrocarbon but tge laboratory experiment prived that the conversion of fat by hydrolysis gave only acids and not hydrocarbons gases further no oil well was ever sighted with only fossil remains of such animals,
   And such many scientist gave own opinion and in last it may be conculated that the formation of Petroleum is by a combination of physical and biological process rather than individual.

Mining of Petroleum; we know that petroleum found in earth crust deep below.the oil us found floating over salt water. Generally an accumulation of natural gas is found above it. In order to bring the oil to the surface , holes are drilled inti earth and pipes are sunk right up to the oil bearing rocks.Due to presence of natural gas the oil usually flows out through these holes. But when the pressure of natural gas gets low petroleum obtain by air lifting pumping. The pumps consist of two coaxial pipes that are lowered into the oil bed.Compressed air is forced through the outer pipe and then the oil from the inner pipe comes out. Hence crude oil is conveyed to refineries located at a distance place fir distillation by a system of pipe lines.